Racism and Intolerance in America During the 1920s Essay

Racism and Intolerance in America During the 1920s In the 1920s, it was widely believed around the world that the USA was a land of freedom and prosperity, in which an individual could escape from the poverty that plagued many parts of the world and build a better life for themselves and their family. In theory, America was a melting pot - immigrants would come into the country and lose their cultural identity to all fall under one label - American. However, the reality of life in America was quite different. Members of similar backgrounds tended to live together in certain areas of big cities, where there would be extreme poverty - an example of this is Harlem in New York. These would generally be†¦show more content†¦Employers used violent and intimidating tactics with Government approval during these disputes. The real reasons for the majority of these strikes were startlingly bad pay and working conditions. Despite workers in heavy industries often having to work more than twelve hours a day, average wages between 1914-1919 were way below the cost of living. The public and government had no interest in this matter, though, and reacted to the strikes as the start of a communist revolt across America. A series of bombing incidents took place in 1919, one destroying part of the home of the Attorney-General, Mitchell Palmer. Mobs and the police attacked May Day parades and the press caused a sensation. Socialist organization were raided and pamphlets were seized. After his home was attacked, Mitchell Palmer became devoted to fighting against Reds. Up to 6000 suspected aliens were rounded up across the USA, and 556 were deported. In the end, it was shown that most of the suspects were not advocates of communism. Some people used the Red Scare as an excuse to attack a particular ethnic group that they disliked - less established immigrants such as Jews or Black people. Trade unions were weakened in the 1920s by persecution. In 1921, the Republicans won the election, with Warren Harding as the President. They decided that problems thought to be caused by immigration, such asShow MoreRelatedAmerica in the 1920s762 Words   |  4 PagesWhich were the more typical of 1920s of America: Prohibition and intolerance or the Jazz Age and increasing social freedom? The 1920’s were seen as a prosperous time for America, judging by the increasing economic strength, the development of new industries and new methods of production and, by the time of rebellion and liberation that came with it. The 1920’s are often reffered to as the ‘Roaring Twenties’ or the Jazz Age, a period of great fun and enjoyment. However, not everyone agreed withRead MoreThe 1960s Of The 1920s Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1920s were a time of optimism for many Americans. 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Why China Is The World s Fastest Growing Economies

Similar to any other commodity commodities, demand for oil plays a very strong role in determining its price. Currently the continents that consume the most oil are Asia followed closely by North America. In 2008 Asia first passed North America in oil consumption due primarily to the developing economies of China and India and by 2010 the Asian continent was consuming around 25 million barrels of oil per day. This is primarily because these economies have historically been manufacturing based economies with extremely large populations, which require large amounts of oil to keep running. China is the world’s largest manufacturer and purchaser of cars, and thus is the largest importer of oil in the world. Although China is one of†¦show more content†¦Regardless of the reason, this means that China may lower its demand for oil and thus negatively impact the price of oil. In addition to the decline of the Chinese economy, demand for oil is also affected by environm ental concerns because burning oil creates carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that is contributing to global warming. In recent years there has been a growing emphasis on reducing carbon emissions in order to become more environmentally friendly. Businesses, countries, and consumers are encouraged to pollute less and leave a smaller carbon footprint. For example, China, the world’s largest consumer of oil, now holds the most wind turbines which shows a push to become less reliant on oil and more environmentally friendly. This is especially evident after the recent United Nations Conference on Climate Change, or COP 21, which was held in Paris last December. At this conference world leaders agreed to combat global warming by trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and aiming to become carbon neutral by the second half of the century. This will certainly negatively affect the demand for oil not just in the present, but for years to come as the world tries to shift from a stron g oil reliance to alternative fuels. Although the world may be in search for of alternative fuel sources, cheap oil hinders this search because it lowers its incentives. The

Ethical Issues in Bussiness Networking

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues in Bussiness Networking. Answer: Introduction Business networking is an important aspect in the growth of any business or organization. It is a process through which one is able to establish cordial relationship with new clients and business partners. This can be achieved through face-face interactions, introductions in conferences, meetings or by social networks such as emails, websites, phones or Facebook. Business networking opens doors for new opportunities in your business as well as giving one a chance to market his or her ideas. Networking has numerous benefits to the organization; it helps make new contacts and referrals, keep at per with the new trends, helps in problem solving and also in sharing and obtaining knowledge and experience among other business people. With the increasing rate of business networking the issue of ethics has arisen which needs to be addressed so as to enhance business performance (Halinen and Jokela, p. 341). This paper therefore, discusses various ethical issues surrounding the concept of bus iness networking. Business Ethics Business ethics is a code of conduct that distinguishes wrong from right. It guides how a business should operate and carry out its operations. Business ethics all starts from the point of personal ethics. Honesty and fairness are key in carrying out the operations of a business. Fairness and honesty creates a fair competition while enabling the organization to achieve its objectives and goals. Ethical behavior in a business boosts the sales and profits thereby increasing productivity. It also attracts foreign investors as well as keeping the share price of the company high (Brickley et al., p. 1827). Ethics in Business networks In every business dealings and exchange, ethics has become an important element. Business networking is possible through resource ties, actor bonds and activity links which brings interdependence and therefore the issue of ethical concerns arise. The ties made in networking is expected to last and have some future returns. Due to the close social interaction that occurs in this relationship, then ethically right behavior or norms plays a key role in ensuring the sustainability of the relationship. Having the right ethical behavior can create a healthy and conducive business environment which could in turn be of benefit to the organizations and the created networks hence improving companys performance and competitiveness. Ethics in business networking sets rules and regulations governing on what is wrong and right or the right and wrong behavior in business interaction. There are various issues which are of interest in business exchange and hence should be put into consideration. In n etworking you interact with people of different cultures, social norms and different language. Therefore, ethical issues become a crucial area that need to be addressed in relation to business networking (Aasland, p. 5). Due to increasing environmental problems facing businesses today and the globalization process, ethical issues have also increasingly gone high. Ethics in business can affect the firms characteristics and networks, sharing of the information, operation processes, business exchange and interaction with other stakeholders and the society. Therefore, morally upright attributes such as loyalty, truthfulness, integrity, honest and fair competition are necessary for business networks to have a long-lasting effect (Hkansson and Ford, p. 135). Ethical Theories and their Influence on Business networks Various theories of ethics have been postulated that give moral principles and guidelines on how people should interact in business networks. Deontological, utilitarian and virtue ethics are some ethical perceptives that are in use in business environment today. Deontologists believe that as long as an action conforms to the set ethical norms then its justified to perform it. Utilitarians on the other side believe in the positive outcome of an action (greatest potential utility). Putting into consideration the benefits and costs of an action, it should not harm but have a positive outcome. They also believe that egoistic motivations are a drive to a person acting morally. Therefore, in organization set-up, the individuals would be driven by their urge to maximize their profits and be productive. On the contrary, virtue ethics puts the interests of other people first. It seeks to do good for others. In the supplier relationship for instance, virtue ethics demands equality and justice for each and every involved party despite the fact that the parties are located in different locations (Hunt and Vitell, p. 146). Unethical behavior that may occur in the business networks has been illustrated by the virtue ethics. However, some people have tried to show the inefficiency of the virtue ethics in relation to business relationships. They argue that relational virtues as addressed by this theory is limited and therefore, when assessing its applicability, non-harming consequences of utilitarian theory should be indicated so as to be accommodative to other involved parties. Commitment to a relationship is key in ensuring the networks created lasts over long periods of time. It is morally upright to keep your promise and to be committed to whichever promise you make. Lack of commitment breaks the already established business ties which affects the business performance negatively. Nevertheless, parties can remain committed to a relationship if they know there is a reward to their contribution (Brass et al., p. 20). Normative Ethics in Business networking Normative theories of business ethics are divided into two categories. The consequentialist theories which determines the right and wrong of an action depending on the results obtained from the said action. Non-consequentialist on the other hand determines the rightfulness and wrongness of an action depending on the character of the action or its intrinsic feature. The egoists in the consequential theory determines whether an action is wrong or right based on their own interest. If an action undermines their personal interest, its morally wrong but if it enhances their personal interest its morally right. These are the factors that influence how people interact in business networking. However, since it is voluntary to join a certain business network, one should ask how the network conducts its businesses, either ethically or unethically. Every human activity has an ethical aspect (Hasnas, p. 30). There are three types of business networking influenced by normative theories; Utilitarian networking- its intention is to obtain as much benefits as possible in regards to economic advantages and in achievement of power, safety and protection. Its through business networking one is able to find a new job, contracts and clients. Networking can help also ensure maintenance of customers and in acquisition of useful information (Mel, p. 495). Emotional networking- its main aim is creating a pleasant and conducive relationship with other partners. Linked to what Aristotle termed as friendship for pleasure, and thereby you can find enjoyment and satisfaction from one another. Virtuous networking- looks at the positive ending of the action. It includes willingness of the person to help others in need without being forced. Also, contributing positively to the network gives one a great feeling of satisfaction. Despite all these, networking requires time, effort as well as money (Solomon, p. 1031). Ethical Behavior in Exchange Relationships In urge to answer the question of when is exchange relationship ethical, understanding the concept of fair sharing and the role played by personal and interpersonal relationship, is essential. Ethical behavior and ethics in general have received much attention in relation to exchange relationships. In business networking, there is always exchange of ideas as well as future exchange of products and services. For an ethical relationship to be achieved, some traits are a must. Trust, commitment, equity, fairness, respect, transparency, responsibility and integrity are some of the positive virtues required in networking. Some authors however, believe these virtues as not a necessity of an ethical behavior but believe they are outcomes of ethical behavior. That these attributes are generated by the fact that an individual is ethically upright. Despite the fact that ethical behavior in business interactions means abstaining or refraining from the opportunistic behavior, the organizations o nly does so when they can benefit. And so, many organizations aim at safeguarding their interest at the expense of fair exchange (Gundlach and Murphy, p. 40). Distributive justice which is an aspect of virtue theory puts more emphasis on fairness in the ethical exchange behavior. In business networking, the involved parties express their views in order to achieve an amicable decision making process. Therefore, procedural justice also comes in as it ensures there is fairness in the integration process of the views expressed by the parties (Luo, p. 347). Unethical Behavior in Business network Setting. For a successful networking process, some ethical attributes such as sharing goals and resources, acting in good faith and in acceptable manner are essential. Otherwise, the unethical behavior such as misuse of power, abuse of trust, opportunism as well bringing harm to other parties, will affect business networking negatively. Misuse of trust or acting in bad faith is whereby an entrepreneur is in networking process but his intention is to take advantage rather than respecting legitimate norms of the network. Hiding relevant information from other parties with the aim of taking advantage of them as well as leaking information are bad virtues. These unethical behavior affects interactions in the business sector (Zuber, p. 162). Significance of Ethical Behavior Ethical behavior plays a vital role in the sustainability of business networks. Ethical behavior ensures companies interact well and thereby reaping maximum benefits from each other. Its important for each and every involved party to act morally right since the parties involved are divergent having different views and interests. Given the divergent nature that comes with networking, its prudent to put concerns of every person at heart. In exchange relationships, ethical norms have been emphasized as the governance mechanism. Business networking is established with an aim of continuity. To take the performance of your organization to a higher level. This is only possible if both parties act ethically and therefore, relationship continuation and future positive outcomes would be guaranteed (Trevio et al., p. 650). Does Ethical Behavior Contribute to Competitiveness or Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior? Competition in businesses can either be positive or negative. In the field of business networking competition can be seen as unethical and sometimes people refer to such scenarios as greed for power. Other authors however view market competition as an ethical act contrary to the believe of many. Ethical behavior is encouraged in business networking as well as in other societal sectors so as to promote peaceful co-existence and improve performance. Many companies and organizations have come to realization that ethical behavior is not only a moral obligation but also a smooth process of conducting business hence having a true competitive advantage. Unethical behavior usually affects the performance of competitors. In this world of changing technology and rapid innovation, sharing of information and knowledge becomes a critical issue. In a business network composed of competitive industries, the issue of information leakage becomes critical. Also the issue of equal contribution so as to avoid free-rider problems amongst the parties is a critical area that needs to be addressed ethically (Kulik et al., p. 715). Factors that Affects Ethical Behavior in Business networking Many individuals desire to be morally upright with few exceptions of course. However, some factors may affect ethical behavior observed in a person. Stages of moral development may contribute to how a person behaves at a specific stage. Research shows that at every successive stage, moral judgement of an individual deteriorates. During the pre-conventional stage, an individual upholds the set rules and regulations so as to avoid the punishment that may appear in the event that he or she doesnt adhere to them. The person also only follows the rules, if its of immediate interest to him. In the conventional stage, a person lives to please people close to him and only fulfills the obligations to which he had promised. In the last stage-the principled stage, an individual values rights of others and respects them despite what the majority or the society may feel. A person also follows ethical principles which he believes are right despite the fact they may be against the law. Therefore, d epending on which stage a person is, he will behave differently. Individual characteristics due to different beliefs and view of what is right and wrong, individual strengths, ego and locus of control are also determinants of how a person will ethically behave (Aragon, p. 25). Creating Value through Ethical Behavior in Business networks Ethicalness is vital in value creation. The main reason why organizations prefer networking, its because they can increase value of their products through different views from other parties. Morally upright ethics ensures great performance and satisfaction to every party involved and eventually there is a possibility of value accruing. The idea of distributional justice in networking enhances fairness in sharing and exchange of information and thereby improving partners commitment to each other, avoids opportunism and lessens need for monitoring and relational risk. On the other hand, unfair treatment causes division amongst themselves causing conflicts thereby weakening incentives to ethical behavior. Questions always arise on whether a business network expressing high ethical standards in its operations can out do an unethically operating network. However, despite the fact that some organizations can misuse power and abuse other trusts as well as perform all other unethical behavio r so as to succeed and outdo others, a network where there is fairness will grow together (Johnson et al., p.1150). An ethically operating network also has a good reputation. Having a good reputation can attract other quality partners hence improving on your business operations. It can also enhance the existing relationships enabling the involved organizations achieve their goals and objectives. It important however, for every member to involve themselves in ethical practices since unethical practice of one member can tarnish the image of the whole network (Cravens et al., p. 209). Conclusion Ethics plays a major role in the interaction of organizations. Ethical behavior in business networking, improves the performance for the whole chain of networks. It also creates value for its employees through satisfaction of their needs and creating a positive ethical reputation. References Aasland, D.G., 2004. On the ethics behind business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1), pp.3-8. Aragon, A., AlDoubi, S., Kaminski, K., Anderson, S.K. and Isaacs, N., 2014. Social networking: Boundaries and limits part 1: Ethics. TechTrends, 58(2), p.25. Brass, D.J., Butterfield, K.D. and Skaggs, B.C., 1998. Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), pp.14-31. Brickley, J.A., Smith Jr, C.W. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2002. Business ethics and organizational architecture. Journal of Banking Finance, 26(9), pp.1821-1835. Cravens, K., Oliver, E.G. and Ramamoorti, S., 2003. The Reputation Index: Measuring and Managing Corporate Reputation. European Management Journal, 21(2), pp.201-212. Gundlach, G.T. and Murphy, P.E., 1993. Ethical and legal foundations of relational marketing exchanges. The Journal of Marketing, pp.35-46. Hkansson, H. and Ford, D., 2002. How should companies interact in business networks? Journal of business research, 55(2), pp.133-139. Halinen, A. and Jokela, P., 2016. Exploring Ethics in Business Networks: Propositions for Future Research. In Extending the Business Network Approach (pp. 333-356). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Hasnas, J., 1998. The normative theories of business ethics: A guide for the perplexed. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8(01), pp.19-42. Hunt, S.D. and Vitell, S.J., 2006. The general theory of marketing ethics: A revision and three questions. Journal of Macromarketing, 26(2), pp.143-153. Johnson, J.P., Korsgaard, M.A. and Sapienza, H.J., 2002. Perceived fairness, decision control, and commitment in international joint venture management teams. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), pp.1141-1160. Kulik, B.W., OFallon, M.J. and Salimath, M.S., 2008. Do competitive environments lead to the rise and spread of unethical behavior? Parallels from Enron. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(4), pp.703-723. Luo, Y., 2009. From gain-sharing to gain-generation: The quest for distributive justice in international joint ventures. Journal of International Management, 15(4), pp.343-356. Mel, D., 2009. The practice of networking: An ethical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, pp.487-503. Solomon, R.C., 2004. Aristotle, ethics and business organizations. Organization Studies, 25(6), pp.1021-1043. Trevio, L.K., den Nieuwenboer, N.A. and Kish-Gephart, J.J., 2014. (Un) ethical behavior in organizations. Annual review of psychology, 65, pp.635-660. Zuber, F., 2015. Spread of unethical behavior in organizations: A dynamic social network perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), pp.151-172.